Pamene makampani opanga nsapato padziko lonse lapansi akufulumizitsa kusintha kwake kukhala wobiriwira, wanzeru, komanso wapamwamba, zinthu zomatira zomangira - guluu wotentha wopangidwa ndi nsapato - zikubweretsa mwayi watsopano wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko. Ndi ubwino wake wapadera woteteza chilengedwe, kugwira ntchito bwino, kulumikizana mwamphamvu, komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu, guluu watsopanowu pang'onopang'ono ukulowa m'malo mwa zomatira zachikhalidwe zochokera ku zosungunulira, kutanthauziranso miyezo yolumikizirana yopanga nsapato, ndikukhala mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pakukweza makampani opanga nsapato. Yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malumikizidwe osiyanasiyana opanga nsapato, kuyambira pa bonding yapamwamba mpaka pa sole fixation, ndikuyika mphamvu zatsopano mu chitukuko chapamwamba cha makampani opanga nsapato padziko lonse lapansi.

Guluu wothira madzi wopangidwa ndi nsapato ndi guluu wothira madzi wopangidwa ndi thermoplastic womwe wapangidwira makamaka kupanga nsapato. Ndi wolimba kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo umasungunuka mwachangu ukatenthedwa kufika kutentha kwinakwake (nthawi zambiri 80-180℃ malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana). Pambuyo pozizira ndi kuuma, umatha kupanga mgwirizano wolimba komanso wokhazikika pakati pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za nsapato. Mosiyana ndi zomatira zachikhalidwe zopangidwa ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala osungunuka achilengedwe (VOCs) ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochira, guluu wothira madzi wopangidwa ndi nsapato umakhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kuteteza chilengedwe, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zinthu, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zomatira. Umagawidwa m'mitundu itatu yayikulu malinga ndi kutentha kosungunuka: kutentha kochepa, kutentha kwapakati, ndi kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumatha kusankhidwa mosinthasintha malinga ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za nsapato ndi zosowa zokonzera, monga chikopa chochita kupanga, chikopa chenicheni, nsalu, EVA, ndi rabala, zomwe zimaphimba mitundu yonse ya kupanga nsapato. Monga guluu wothandiza komanso wothandiza, wakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga nsapato zamakono, chogwirizana kwambiri ndi khalidwe, chitonthozo, ndi kulimba kwa zinthu za nsapato.

Zochitika Zachitukuko Chamkati ndi Padziko Lonse

Msika Wamkati

Mkhalidwe Wotumiza ndi Kutumiza Kunja: Kuchuluka kwa zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ku China zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nsapato kwakhala kukuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu kwa msika wa nsapato padziko lonse lapansi komanso kupititsa patsogolo kwa khalidwe la zinthu zapakhomo. Mu 2023, mtengo wonse wotumizira kunja unafika madola 380 miliyoni aku US, makamaka ku Southeast Asia, Europe, North America, ndi South America, pakati pawo zomatira zotentha zotentha zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwapakati zinali 65% ya kuchuluka kwa zomatira zotumizidwa kunja chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake kwakukulu kuzinthu za nsapato monga chikopa chopangira ndi nsalu. Zikuyembekezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa zomatira zotumizidwa kunja kudzafika madola 550 miliyoni aku US pofika chaka cha 2025. Zomatira zotumizidwa kunja makamaka ndi zinthu zapamwamba zomatira zotentha zosungunuka komanso zida zazikulu zopangira, zomwe zimadalira kwambiri ukadaulo wapamwamba wakunja, koma mabizinesi akunyumba akufulumizitsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha komanso chitukuko kuti achepetse kusiyana ndikuwonjezera mpikisano waukulu.

Msika Wapadziko Lonse

Kukula kwa Msika: Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti pofika chaka cha 2025, kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa guluu wopangidwa ndi nsapato kudzafika pa madola mabiliyoni 140 aku US, ndi kukula kwa pachaka kopitilira 6%. Mu 2024, kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsapato zopangidwa ndi nsapato zosungunuka bwino kunafika pa madola mabiliyoni 45 aku US, zomwe zimapangitsa 32% ya msika wonse, ndipo akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi kukula kwakukulu kopitilira 10% m'zaka zikubwerazi, chifukwa cha mfundo zoteteza chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi komanso kufunikira kwa ogula nsapato zapamwamba. Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa makampani opanga nsapato padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukulirakulira kwa kusintha kobiriwira, kufunikira kwa msika wa guluu wosungunuka wopangidwa ndi nsapato kudzapitirira kukwera.

Kusiyana kwa Kukula kwa Zigawo: Chigawo cha Asia-Pacific, makamaka China ndi India, chili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokulira, ndi kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa msika pachaka komwe kumapitilira 8%. Popindula ndi chitukuko chachangu cha makampani opanga nsapato komanso kuthandizidwa kwambiri ndi mfundo zadziko, kufunikira kwa guluu wosungunuka wopangidwa ndi nsapato kukukwera mofulumira. North America ndi Europe, monga misika yokhwima, zikuwonetsa kukula kokhazikika, ndi kukula kwa 4%-6% pachaka. Chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo komanso kufunika koteteza chilengedwe, kufunikira kwa guluu wosungunuka wosungunuka wapamwamba komanso wogwira ntchito bwino kukukwera. Ngakhale kukula kwa msika ku South America ndi Africa kuli kochepa, kuli ndi kukula kwachangu, komwe kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokulitsa msika mtsogolo.

Kulimbikitsa Kufunika kwa Zachilengedwe: Kuyang'ana kwambiri chitukuko chokhazikika kwathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi cha ogula pazinthu zoteteza chilengedwe komanso kulimbitsa mfundo zoteteza chilengedwe m'maiko osiyanasiyana kwapangitsa kuti guluu wothira wotentha wopangidwa ndi nsapato, womwe suli ndi zosungunulira, suli ndi poizoni, komanso ukhoza kubwezeretsedwanso, ukhale malo atsopano okulira pamsika wa zinthu zopangira nsapato. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo ya EU REACH ndi RoHS yaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira zopangidwa ndi zosungunulira, zomwe zikupereka malo ambiri pamsika wa guluu wothira wotentha wopangidwa ndi nsapato. Pakadali pano, msika wa guluu wapadziko lonse lapansi ukuyembekezeka kukhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cha 12% pachaka pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zipitiliza kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Mtengo ndi Magwiridwe Abwino

I. Ubwino Waukulu: Makhalidwe Ofunika Ogwirizana ndi Makampani Opanga Nsapato

1. Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza Zachilengedwe: Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolimba 100%, ilibe zosungunulira kapena ma VOC, ndipo sipanga fungo loipa kapena mpweya woipa panthawi yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimagwirizana mokwanira ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yazachilengedwe ndi mfundo zadziko zoteteza zachilengedwe. Sikuti imangochepetsa ndalama zomwe makampani opanga nsapato amaika pazachitetezo cha chilengedwe pochiza mpweya wotayira komanso imawongolera malo ogwirira ntchito a malo opangira zinthu ndikuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito, mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi popanga zinthu zobiriwira.

2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Kwambiri ndi Kusunga Mphamvu: Zimasungunuka mwachangu zikatenthedwa, nthawi yoyamba yoziziritsa ya masekondi 3-5 ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya masekondi 10-15, zomwe zimafupikitsa nthawi yopangira ndi 30%-50% poyerekeza ndi zomatira zachikhalidwe zopangidwa ndi zosungunulira. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotenthetsera zokha, kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi mzere wopanga wothamanga kwambiri wamakampani amakono a nsapato, kuchepetsa maulalo ogwirira ntchito pamanja, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamabizinesi.

3. Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera Kwambiri: Zipangizo zazikulu zopangira ndi polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE), ndi ma polima ena, okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira komanso ndalama zochepa zopangira poyerekeza ndi zomatira zachikhalidwe zopangidwa ndi zosungunulira. Nthawi yomweyo, ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zomangira komanso kutayika kochepa kwa zinthu, zomwe zingathandize makampani opanga nsapato kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ndikukweza mpikisano pamsika pomwe akuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino.

4. Kusinthasintha Kwambiri: Imagwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zodziwika bwino za nsapato, kuphatikizapo chikopa chochita kupanga, chikopa chenicheni, nsalu, EVA, rabara, TPR, ndi nayiloni, ndipo imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za zomangira za mbali zosiyanasiyana za nsapato, yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Itha kusinthidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mapepala, ndi mitundu ina malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala, kusintha malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zokonzera ndi zofunikira pakupanga nsapato.

II. Kugwira Ntchito Kofunika Kwambiri: Kukwaniritsa Zofunikira pa Ntchito Zogwiritsa Ntchito Nsapato

1. Mphamvu Yolimba Yogwirizanitsa: Ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri ogwirizanitsa, ndi mphamvu yokopa yofika 8-12N/cm, yoposa kwambiri muyezo wamakampani. Imatha kupanga mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za nsapato, kuthetsa mavuto abwino monga kusweka kwa soli ndi kusweka kwa pamwamba pa nsapato zachikhalidwe, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito ya nsapato.

2. Kusinthasintha Kwabwino ndi Kukana Kutentha: Ili ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kupindika ndi kutambasula nsapato mukamavala popanda kusweka kapena kung'ambika. Imatha kusunga magwiridwe antchito okhazikika pa kutentha kwa -20℃ mpaka 80℃, ndipo sidzasweka kapena kufewa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a nyengo.

3. Kukana Madzi ndi Kuvala: Zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato zapamwamba zimakhala ndi kukana bwino madzi, zomwe zingalepheretse madzi kulowa mu gawo lomangirira ndikukhudza momwe limagwirira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhala ndi kukana kosiyanasiyana, komwe kumatha kupirira kukangana kwa kuyenda tsiku ndi tsiku ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gawo lomangirira likhale lokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.

III. Ntchito Zazikulu: Kuphimba Mbali Zambiri za Nsapato

1. Kugwirizanitsa Pamwamba: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwirizanitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za pamwamba, monga chipewa cha chala, chidendene, ndi vamp, kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka pamwamba ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pamwamba pali kukhazikika. Ndikoyenera makamaka kupanga pamwamba kopepuka komanso kosalala, kukonza chitonthozo ndi mawonekedwe a nsapato.

2. Kugwirizanitsa Pamwamba: Monga guluu wofunikira kwambiri pakugwirizanitsa pamwamba ndi pansi, imatha kupanga mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa pamwamba (EVA, rabara, ndi zina zotero) ndi pamwamba, kuonetsetsa kuti nsapatozo zimakhala zolimba komanso zolimba. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu nsapato zamasewera, nsapato wamba, nsapato zovomerezeka, ndi nsapato zakunja.

3. Kugwirizanitsa Zigawo Zothandizira: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza nsapato monga ma insoles, lilime, ndi ma shoe pad, kulimbitsa kulimba kwa nsapatozo komanso kusunga chitonthozo cha nsapatozo. Kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito polimbitsa malo otseguka maso ndi kutsegula nsapato, kuchepetsa kuvala nsalu ndikukweza nthawi yogwira ntchito ya nsapato.

Thandizo la Ndondomeko ndi Kugwirizana kwa Kufunika kwa Msika

Kuthandizidwa kwambiri ndi mfundo kwatsegula njira yopititsira patsogolo makampani opanga zinthu zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato. "Ndondomeko Yothandizira Kukonza Ubwino wa Makampani Opanga Nsalu (2023-2025)" ku China ikuchirikiza bwino chitukuko cha ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zobiriwira komanso zipangizo zatsopano zosawononga chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato. Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Ukadaulo Wazidziwitso, mogwirizana ndi Unduna wa Zachuma, wayika ndalama zapadera mu kafukufuku waukadaulo ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomatira zotentha zopangidwa ndi nsapato, zomwe zikulimbikitsa kukweza makampaniwa.

Kukonda kobiriwira kwa mbali yofunikira kwapitirirabe kukulirakulira. 67% ya ogula ali okonzeka kulipira ndalama zokwana 5% kapena kuposerapo pazinthu zopangidwa ndi nsapato zomwe zili ndi zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe. Mitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi monga Nike ndi Adidas yawonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe m'maunyolo awo operekera zinthu, ndipo guluu wosungunuka wopangidwa ndi nsapato, monga guluu wosungunuka woteteza chilengedwe, wakhala chisankho chofunikira kwambiri kwa mitundu iyi. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zopangira zobwezerezedwanso mu guluu wosungunuka wotentha wopangidwa ndi nsapato kunafika pa 35% mu 2024, ndipo kupitirira apo kudzapitirira kuwonjezeka mtsogolo, zomwe zikuwonjezera mpikisano wa chilengedwe wa malondawo.

Mapeto

Pakadali pano, guluu wothira mafuta opangidwa ndi nsapato uli mu nthawi yofunika kwambiri ya "kukulitsa kusintha kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kukwaniritsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, ndikukweza kufunikira kwa msika". Ubwino wake wonse pakuteteza chilengedwe, kugwira ntchito bwino, mtengo, ndi magwiridwe antchito kwapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chofunikira kwa makampani opanga nsapato kuti achepetse ndalama, kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, ndikuwonjezera mpikisano wazinthu. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi yazinthu komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa makampani opanga nsapato, makampani opanga maguu othira mafuta opangidwa ndi nsapato akukumana ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso kusintha kwa khalidwe, ndi njira yodziwikiratu kukula.

Kwa makampani opanga zinthu, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zopezera zinthu zachilengedwe komanso nzeru, ndikupititsa patsogolo phindu la zinthu komanso mphamvu ya mtundu wawo kudzera mu kukweza zinthu zopangira, kafukufuku waukadaulo, komanso kukulitsa msika. M'tsogolomu, guluu wosungunuka wopangidwa ndi nsapato sudzakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga nsapato komanso udzakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha makampani opanga nsapato ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zapamwamba za ogula.